​At the head of the tunnel, gusts of ventilated air whip outside Phillip Birch’s operating booth. Inside, live camera feeds, maps and gauges span out in front of the man at the helm of Metro Vancouver’s latest effort to withstand a major earthquake and bring water to a growing urban population.
“I’m a tunneller,” said Birch. “I've worked underground all my life. I’ve never done anything else.”
Overhead, 40 metres of sand, silt and clay separate the growing Annacis water supply tunnel from the waters of the Fraser River.
The $450-million project is one of either under construction or in the planning phase across an urban region carved up by rivers and ocean inlets. Last week, construction began on an underground water main under Vancouver’s ; another tunnel drilled under the Burrard Inlet is near completion.
“We’re getting good speed. We did 12 advances Friday in one shift. That’s kind of a record here,” Birch said.
Drilling deep underground is not without its risks, but so far the Annacis project — scheduled to be completed in 2028 — has pushed forward without any major incident, according Murray Gant, Metro Vancouver’s director of major projects for tunnelling.
“This is the longest marine crossing,” said Gant. “The longer the tunnel, the more chance of things, you know, happening. But so far, so good.”
'Giant manufacturing process under a river'
Since 2022, a crew of about 50 contracted workers have accessed the tunnel by descending a 60-metre shaft on the south side of the river.
Workers access the head of the tunnel on rail cars. Drilling 20 hours a day, six days a week, the team has so far pushed the German-built tunnel boring machine, nicknamed Anna, 1.4 kilometres toward New Westminster.
On the surface, automated geo-technical stations constantly monitor ground levels to make sure nothing is collapsing — a critical check as the tunnel has already passed under rail lines and Surrey’s container terminal. ​
​When they reach the other bank of the river, the 2.3-kilometre tunnel will pass between highrises and under SkyTrain lines before reaching the surface near New Westminster’s 11th Street and Royal Avenue.
To drill under the river, crews advance the boring machine several metres a day. With each movement forward, crews fill and cart train cars of excavated clay and mud. Others use heavy machinery to lift sections of pipe — manufactured in Nanaimo, ÎÚŃ»´«Ă˝ — into place.
That process is repeated “over and over and again,” said Becky Reeve, a project engineer for contractor Traylor-Aecon who often sits next to Birch troubleshooting alarms and navigating where the tunnel will go next.
“It's just a giant manufacturing process under a river,” she said, sitting on a giant screw at the head of the tunnel.
At 2.6 metres in diameter, the tunnel itself is sealed as it’s built, though on two occasions, commercial divers have been sent ahead of the boring machine to check its cutting tools.
On the dry side of the drill, a dizzying array of whirring engines, hydraulics and alarms fill tight walkways.
“We're right under the Fraser River now,” said Birch. “It’s not for everybody.”​
Originally from England, Birch has spent 25 years digging tunnels, from coal and zinc mines to hydro power projects. His latest gig before coming to Vancouver was in a Mexican silver mine.
Unlike many of those mine shafts, pipelines like the Annacis water supply tunnel are being built to withstand a one-in-a-10,000-year earthquake — equivalent 9 magnitude event — while still remaining operational. A published internally by Metro Vancouver in 2022 found such an earthquake could lead to 267 water main failures across the region.
Building a tunnel that solid means boring deeper under the river often into deposits left behind thousands of years ago by retreating glaciers and now submerged under ÎÚŃ»´«Ă˝'s biggest river.
“If we lost power, all of the water would be coming this way,” said Reeve. “It would really begin to flood.”
That's what the backup generators are for — one part of a series of safety redundancies that make the project both very complicated and expensive.
Capital spending to drive up regional utility bills
At nearly half a billion dollars, the tunnel is one of a series of major capital spending projects that are hitting Metro Vancouver’s budget all at once.
Over the next five years, maintaining clean drinking water to the region is expected to cost $3.5 billion. Another $10.6 billion will be spent to upgrade or build new water treatment facilities.
Metro’s operating expenses are also set to rise sharply in coming years, climbing to $2.2 billion in 2029 from $1.2 billion in 2024.
Wastewater plants are being built to handle new federal water quality guidelines while absorbing demand from a population set to climb by one million people by the 2040s.
​Spending has also increased as the regional government has been plagued by high-profile cost overruns. One of the biggest flash points has been the North Shore wastewater treatment plant, a project that has seen its costs spike to $3.86 billion — a five-fold increase of the $780-million estimate in 2017 when the building contract was awarded to Acciona Wastewater Solutions.​
​Metro Vancouver has since cancelled its contract with the Spanish-owned firm and taken the company to court. At the time, the regional government’s commissioner and CAO Jerry Dobrovolny Acciona underperformed and consistently failed to deliver the project on time and within budget.
To pay its bills, Metro is looking to borrow money that will eventually be paid back through $5.8 billion in future taxes and $2.8 billion in .
This year, the average household paid $698 for critical utilities. Next year, the same household will pay an average of $875, a 25.3 per cent increase.
Metro trying to control costs of 'must-have' infrastructure
In an interview Tuesday, Metro Vancouver board chair Mike Hurley said the regional body has no choice but to build and replace a vast array of infrastructure — critical assets that are either nearing the end of life or aren't up to meeting future demand.
“There's nothing more important than safe drinking water and ensuring that supply is there as people need it,” Hurley said. “It's not a nice-to-have. It's a must-have.”
Hurley said construction of the North Shore’s sewage treatment plant came at a time of significant inflation, something Metro staff has said increased costs across all major infrastructure projects. ​​
​When asked what Metro Vancouver is doing to avoid similar cost overruns in the future, Hurley said planners are focused on building in “really good contingencies” that will be “getting bigger, for sure.”
“The costs of these projects are just getting bigger and bigger, and we are focused on trying to hold them as tight as we possibly can,” said Hurley, who also serves as mayor for the City of Burnaby.
“We don't like going out and telling people they have to pay more. It's not something that any of us want to do.”
​At the same time, Hurley said there are things the public can do to help keep costs down. He said the region needs to do a better job at conserving water and avoid putting added pressure on reservoirs during the dry summer months.
And when it comes to municipalities, Hurley said it’s time they ramp up efforts to install water meters, which would essentially put a price on water at the tap.
“Water consumption is too great per household, and unfortunately, the best way for people to learn that is when it costs you in the pocketbook,” he said.
With files from Jane Seyd and Graeme Wood
